A different sequencing method that chemically cleaved DNA at specific bases, developed by Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, was the dominant technology into the 1980s. Radiolabeled DNA samples were incubated in four separate reactions, each of which contained a chemical that cleaved after a different nucleotide — either A/G, G, C, or C/T. By adding the right amount of each chemical, it was possible to produce different fragments chopped off at each individual base. The sequence could then be read using gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Maxam–Gilbert sequencing was easier than the plus and minus method to run and interpret, but was eventually surpassed by Sanger’s chain termination method, which molecular biologists found both technically preferable and more “elegant” since it mirrored the natural copying of DNA.
Understanding the potential epistemic impact of sycophantic AI is an important challenge for cognitive scientists, drawing on questions about how people update their beliefs as well as questions about how to design AI systems. We have provided both theoretical and empirical results showing that AI systems providing information that is informed by the user’s hypotheses result in increased confidence in those hypotheses while not bringing the user any closer to the truth. Our results highlight a tension in the design of AI assistants. Current approaches train models to align with our values, but they also incentivize them to align with our views. The resulting behavior is an agreeable conversationalist. This becomes a problem when users rely on these algorithms to gather information about the world. The result is a feedback loop where users become increasingly confident in their misconceptions, insulated from the truth by the very tools they use to seek it.
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在Agent战争时代，硬件已经彻底插件化。
睿智之言，始于扎实的基层调研。全国人大代表、河北省石家庄市评剧艺术中心演员靳灵展一年有上百场基层演出，“也意味着一年上百次的调研”，从中不断总结提炼接地气、真管用的建议。真知灼见哪里来？往往就生长在基层的沃土里。代表委员一次次深入基层，广聚民智，让群众的“金点子”转化为破解难题的“金钥匙”。